Handgrip Strength (HS): Participants seat with feet on the floor, with the arm in adduction and elbow flexed at 90°, forearm in a neutral position, with wrist extension between 0° and 30°. The dominant hand performs three repetitions of 3-second maximum HS. There are a 60-second recovery period scheduled among the repetitions. HS is determined by the average of the three peak values.
Dados normativos:
Short Physical Performance Battery Assessing Lower Extremity Function (SPPB): It is a functional performance test that assesses the function of lower limbs (lower limbs) considering balance, gait, strength, and endurance. The instrument consists of the following tests: standing static balance; walking speed at a normal pace over a distance of 4 meters; muscular strength of the lower limbs estimated by the test of sitting and rising from a chair without the aid of the arms five times. For each test, the performance obtained is scored with scores from 0 (worst performance) to 4 (best performance) and the final score is calculated, which can be a maximum of 12 points. In this way, those individuals who score from 0 to 3 - will perform poorly or have some type of disability; grades 4 to 6 - indicate low performance; grades 7 to 9 show moderate performance and 10 to 12 show good performance. For the diagnosis of conditions suggestive of sarcopenia, the cutoff point in the SPPB is 8.
1. Static balance: the test consists of three steps, and in the first step the subject must be able
to stand in an orthostatic position with their feet together for 10 seconds; in the second stage,
the subject should be able to remain standing with one foot partially in front of the other (medial face of the I phalanx of the foot positioned behind touching the medial face of the heel of the foot positioned in front) for 10 seconds; and in the third stage, the subject must be able to remain with one foot in front of the other (end of the I phalanx of the foot positioned behind touching the end of the heel of the foot positioned in front) also for 10 seconds.
2. Gait speed: An 8-meter course will be marked by cones and the participants will have to travel the course at the usual speed, without running, and the time will be recorded disregarding the initial (acceleration) and final (deceleration) 2 meters. The test must be performed twice and will be considered the best time.
3. Sit and Stand Test 5 times: To perform the test, start with the volunteer in a seated position, with arms crossed over the chest and with the back against the chair, with the seat at a height of approximately 43 cm. The evaluator will be positioned next to the volunteer, giving instructions and preventing a fall from occurring when sitting. The following instructions are given: Get up and sit down 5 times as fast as you can when I say "Let's go". The time is timed from the “let's go” sign until the end of the five repetitions execution by means of a digital stopwatch.
Dados normativos: https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/physical-performancetest
Video: https://youtu.be/BKvQOyhrlGA
The Physical Performance Test (PPT): Administer the PPT as outlined below. Subjects are given up to two chances to complete each item.
Assistive devices are permitted for tasks 6 through 8.
1. Ask the subject, when given the command “go” to write the sentence “whales live in the blue ocean”. Time from the word “go” until the pen is lifted from the page at the end of the sentence. All words must be included and legible. Period need not be included for a task to be considered completed.
2. Five kidney beans are placed in a bowl, 5 inches from the edge in front of the patient. An empty coffee can is placed on the table at the patient’s nondominant side. A teaspoon is placed in the patient’s dominant hand. Ask the subject, on the command ‘go”, to pick up the beans, one at a time, and place each in the coffee can. Time from the command “go” until the last bean is heard hitting the bottom of the can.
3. Place a Physician’s Desk Reference or other heavy book on a table in front of the patient.
Ask the patient, when given the command “go”, to place the book on a shelf above shoulder level. Time from the command “go” to the time the book is resting on the shelf.
4. If the subject has a jacket or cardigan sweater, ask him or her to remove it. If not, give the subject a lab coat. Ask the subject, on the command “go” to put the coat on completely such that it is straight on his or her shoulders and then remove the garment completely. Time from the command “go” until the garment has been completely removed.
5. Place a penny approximately 1 foot from the patient’s foot on the dominant side. Ask the patient, on the command “go” to pick up the penny from the floor and stand up. Time from the
command “go” until the subject is standing erect with a penny in hand.
6. With the subject in a corridor or in an open room, ask the subject to turn 360 degrees. Evaluate using scale on PPT scoring sheet.
7. Bring subject to start on 50-foot walk test course (25 feet out and 25 feet back) and ask the subject, on the command “go”, to walk to 25-foot mark and back. Time from the command “go until the starting line is crossed on the way back.
8. Bring subject to foot of stairs (nine to 12 steps) and ask subject, on the command “go”, to begin climbing stairs until he or she feels tired and wishes to stop. Before beginning this task,
alert the subject to possibility of developing chest pain or shortness of breath and inform the subject’s first foot reaches the top of the first flight of stairs. Record the number of flights (maximum is four) climbed (up and down is one flight).
Videos: Versão completa PPT:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akoB7XKYFAo&t=11s
Versão PPT (similar ao grupo Itália): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ldm7wo6jTM&t=16s
Incremental Shuttle Walking Test (ISWT): The ISWT is performed in a 10-m course identified by two cones placed 0.5 m from each endpoint, with an initial speed of 0.5 m/s, increasing 0.17 m/s every minute. The protocol used is composed of 15 stages of 1 min, to prevent the ceiling effect and the walking speed is dictated by a sound (here enclosed). The test is interrupted if the volunteer does not reach the cone once, at the request of the volunteer or for some other reported symptom (dyspnea, dizziness, vertigo, and angina).
Glittre-ADL test: The TGlittre, which evaluates functional capacity, is administered as described by figure below. For this test, the subjects are first seated, carrying a backpack (weighing 2.5 kg for women and 5 kg for men). Then, the subjects have to walk down a 10-m aisle, with a stairway halfway through, to reach a shelf where they have to move 3 weights (1 kg each) from the upper shelf (at the level of the shoulder girdle) to the lower shelf (at the level of the pelvis), and then to the ground. Next, they have to do the reverse order, placing the weights on the upper shelf and returning to the initial seating position. The test ends after five cycles are completed. The subjects are instructed to complete the test as quickly as possible. They are allowed to rest during the test, but are requested to resume the test as soon as possible. The subjects are not encouraged during the test, and the main parameter was the total time required for the completion of the test.
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